Gut-Liver Axis: A Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Liver Diseases

Abstract

The gut–liver axis is a complex bidirectional communication network that links the gastrointestinal tract and the liver through the portal vein, allowing continuous exchange of nutrients, bile components, microbial metabolites, and immune mediators. Alterations in the gut microbiota (gut dysbiosis) disrupt intestinal barrier integrity, increase intestinal permeability, and facilitate the translocation of bacterial endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the liver, thereby promoting inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and fibrosis. These mechanisms play a important role in the development and progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hepatitis and Liver Carcinoma. Growing evidence suggests that modulation of the gut microbiota through probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotic, postbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may restore gut microbial balance, strengthen intestinal barrier function, reduce hepatic inflammation, and improve metabolic outcomes. In addition, next-generation probiotics and personalized micro biome-based therapies represent promising future strategies for disease management. This review highlights the physiological role of the gut–liver axis, the mechanisms by which gut dysbiosis contributes to MASLD and other Liver diseases pathogenesis, and the emerging therapeutic potential of probiotics and micro biota-targeted interventions in preventing disease progression and improving liver health.