Role of Lipid Nanoparticles for Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

Abstract

Non-invasive drug delivery approaches have gained significant momentum as alternatives to conventional parenteral administration. Among them, the transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) stands out due to its high patient compliance, ease of use, reduced dosing frequency, and ability to bypass first-pass metabolism. TDDS is increasingly applied not only in pharmaceuticals but also in dermatology and cosmeceuticals, where controlled and localized delivery is essential. By enabling drug administration directly across the skin barrier, TDDS minimizes systemic exposure, reduces adverse effects, and prevents undesired accumulation of drugs in non-target tissues.

In recent years, nanoparticle-based carriers—particularly solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC)—have received growing attention for their remarkable potential in enhancing dermal and transdermal drug transport. These lipid-based systems offer advantages such as biocompatibility, controlled drug release, improved stability of labile compounds, and the ability to modulate skin permeation. Their nanoscale size allows closer interaction with the stratum corneum, increased occlusion, and the creation of hydrating effects that facilitate drug penetration. Furthermore, lipid nanoparticles can encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic therapeutics, making them versatile delivery platforms.

Despite their promise, the precise mechanisms governing nanoparticle–skin interactions, penetration pathways, and transdermal transport behaviour remain incompletely understood. Factors such as particle composition, lipid crystallinity, surface charge, and occlusive properties significantly influence permeation outcomes. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms is essential to fully exploit lipid nanoparticles for advanced transdermal therapies.