Advances in Biotechnological and Pharmaceutical Approaches for the Detection of Cancer, FGTB, and PCOS through Biological Fluid Analysis: A Comparative Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17948233Keywords:
Cancer Diagnostics, Female Genital Tuberculosis (FGTB), Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), Biological Fluid Analysis, Liquid Biopsy, Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA), Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH), Biosensors, Molecular Diagnostics, Point-of-Care TestingAbstract
Detecting and diagnosing Cancer, female genital tuberculosis (FGTB), and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) pose significant challenges in women's healthcare due to overlapping symptoms, delayed onset, and complex disease mechanisms [1], [7], [33], [12], [8]. Breast and cervical cancers account for about 30–35% of all female cancers worldwide. FGTB affects approximately 5-19% of women experiencing infertility, while PCOS prevalence ranges from 4% to 20%, depending on the diagnostic criteria used. Despite these high rates, accurate and timely diagnosis is limited by invasive sampling methods, high costs, and the lack of point-of-care testing systems.
Current diagnostic methods such as ELISA, RT-PCR, ultrasound imaging, hormonal profiling, and histopathological tests offer reliable detection but are often costly (ranging from ₹2,000 to ₹15,000 per test) and require trained personnel and specialized laboratory facilities [7], [15], [26], [30], [31]. New technologies like biosensors, microfluidic devices, and lab-on-a-chip systems provide comparable sensitivity and specificity, while delivering faster results and potentially lower costs.
The use of biological fluids-including menstrual blood, serum, urine, and cervical secretions-has gained importance because they can be collected non-invasively, improve patient comfort, and reflect real-time biochemical and molecular changes. These fluids enable simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers such as HER2, HE4, hCG, and LCF-2, offering a flexible diagnostic approach [23], [12], [14], [1], [32], [24].
This review presents a comparative evaluation of current and emerging biotechnological and pharmaceutical diagnostic methods, emphasizing those based on biological fluids [33], [19], [10], [3]. It highlights the potential to develop affordable, non-invasive diagnostic kits that integrate biosensor and antibody-based technologies, aiming to support early detection, increase patient adherence, and improve health outcomes in women's healthcare.
