Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) as a Natural Chemopreventive Agent in Oral Cancer: Pathway Modulation and Clinical Relevance

Abstract

Oral cancer remains a major global health challenge, particularly in developing countries, where high morbidity and mortality rates persist due to late diagnosis and limited therapeutic success. Chemoprevention using natural phytochemicals offers a promising complementary strategy. Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), a revered medicinal herb in Ayurveda, exhibits significant chemopreventive potential attributed to its rich bioactive profile, including eugenol, ursolic acid, and rosmarinic acid. These compounds modulate key molecular pathways involved in carcinogenesis by scavenging reactive oxygen species, suppressing inflammation (via NF-κB and COX-2 inhibition), inducing apoptosis, and regulating tumor suppressor genes such as p53. Experimental evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies supports Tulsi’s ability to inhibit oral tumor initiation and progression. Despite encouraging findings, further clinical investigations are essential to validate its efficacy, optimize dosage, and enhance bioavailability. Tulsi represents a promising natural agent for oral cancer prevention through multi-targeted pathway modulation.