Epidemiology & Prevention of Hepatitis

Abstract

Viral hepatitis, encompassing a spectrum of liver infections primarily caused by hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, and E, remains a significant global health challenge. These viruses differ considerably in their transmission routes, disease progression, and potential for chronicity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and current therapeutic strategies for each type of viral hepatitis, with a particular emphasis on recent advancements in treatment and prevention. This review summarizes the pathogenesis of these viruses, explores prevention strategies such as vaccination and public health measures, and discusses current and emerging treatments. Viral hepatitis is associated with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Hepatitis A and E viruses are enterally transmitted and typically cause acute self-limited hepatitis. Hepatitis B, C, and D viruses are parenterally transmitted and can cause chronic hepatitis, with potential progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis A virus causes acute viral hepatitis, presenting with jaundice, nausea, and vomiting. Symptoms are self- limited and treated symptomatically. Routine vaccination of infants has greatly reduced the incidence in the United States. Vaccination is recommended for all infants and adults at increased risk. Hepatitis B virus can cause acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Acute hepatitis B is usually self-limited, but can develop into a chronic infection. Patients are at highest risk for developing chronic disease if they are infected at a younger age. Routine vaccination and universal screening of pregnant women has decreased the transmission of hepatitis B virus.