Nano-bio Hybrid Systems: a New Frontier in Targeted and Personalized Medicine

Abstract

The advancement of drug delivery systems has significantly improved therapeutic outcomes; however, conventional approaches continue to face limitations such as poor bioavailability, non-specific targeting, and systemic toxicity. Nanotechnology has emerged as a powerful tool to overcome these challenges by enabling controlled and targeted drug delivery. Among recent innovations, nano-bio hybrid systems have gained considerable attention due to their ability to integrate synthetic nanomaterials with biological components, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficiency and biocompatibility. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of nano-bio hybrid systems and their role in targeted and personalized medicine. The article discusses various types of hybrid systems, preparation techniques, characterization methods, and mechanisms of drug delivery. In addition, their applications in cancer therapy, infectious diseases, chronic disorders, and gene therapy are explored. Nano-bio hybrid systems demonstrate improved targeting efficiency, reduced toxicity, and controlled drug release owing to the incorporation of biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Recent advances, including smart nanocarriers, artificial intelligence-assisted design, and theranostic applications, have further expanded their clinical potential. In conclusion, nano-bio hybrid systems represent a promising strategy for personalized medicine by enabling patient-specific therapy with enhanced safety and efficacy. Despite challenges related to scalability and regulatory approval, ongoing research is expected to facilitate their clinical translation in the near future.