Ethnobotanical Gut Healing Therapies of Indian Tribes: Microbiome Modulation and Ayurvedic Perspectives

Abstract

The human microbiota is crucial for digestion, immunity, metabolism, and wellness. Dysbiosis, an imbalance in gut bacteria, is linked to conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, peptic ulcers, and metabolic disorders. Both conventional and traditional medicines use herbs to treat digestive issues and improve gastrointestinal health. Indian cultures have a rich tradition of using medicinal herbs for gastrointestinal ailments, such as digestive disorders, diarrhea, constipation, gastritis, and indigestion, often prepared as decoctions, powders, fermented mixtures, or kadha. These plants alter the microbiota composition, eliminate harmful strains, and boost short-chain fatty acid levels. Their chemical components, including polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids, have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties that protect the gut lining. Ayurvedic remedies align with the vata, pitta, and kapha, maintaining the tri doshas balance. This review highlights the Indian tribal use of herbs for gastrointestinal health and how modern science and Ayurveda can enhance the understanding of their benefits. Ancient wisdom and microbiome research together offer improved, cost-effective, and culturally relevant solutions for gastrointestinal issues.